By Markus Brandl, Xiaoming Chen, Herbert Landau, Carlos Rodriguez-Solano and Ulrich Weinbach
This article updates a July 2012 feature in GPS World, “Real-Time Extended GNSS Positioning: A New Generation of Centimeter-Accurate Networks.”
The Trimble CenterPoint RTX correction service, enabling centimeter-level absolute positioning around the world without the need for RTK reference-station infrastructure, is now available to many users, including integrators of professional high-precision equipment and consumer products such as in the automotive sector. Access is provided via a software library compatible with any GNSS device. The corrections now contain detailed integrity information for safety-critical applications.
The RTX infrastructure is made up of approximately 120 globally distributed RTX reference stations. Receivers at these stations transmit measurement data at 1 Hz to the RTX server centers, where the correction data is computed. For redundancy purposes, multiple servers in the United States and Europe are operated. A failsafe architecture avoiding any single point of failure in the processing chain has produced a very high availability of corrections. Today the system supports GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS satellites. It is a multi-frequency system supporting two or more frequencies for each satellite system.
The correction stream is available to users using L-band signals broadcast via geostationary satellites and IP connections. The L-band transmitted RTX data stream uses a bandwidth of 600–2400 baud, and a highly compressed data format with a resolution of 1 millimeter, with an average latency of 8 seconds in L-band mode and 5 seconds in IP mode. The data stream is encrypted via an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with a key length of 256 bits to guarantee safe transmission. Data transmission integrity is assured with a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check attached to every message. The RTX correction stream provides information on satellite position, satellite clock, ionospheric and tropospheric models, and code and phase biases.
The orbit determination is done in real time using a reduced dynamic approach with dynamic models and exploiting the accuracy of the phase measurements after ambiguity fixing. Based on the computed orbits, the satellite clocks are estimated at 1 Hz, where integer ambiguity fixing is performed for the different satellite systems.
Next, a single-layer global ionospheric model is computed and represented through spherical harmonics. There are currently two areas with a denser network than the global network; these cover Europe and the mainland U.S. with more than 1,000 base stations. Using these stations, regional ionospheric and tropospheric models are computed, which then provide a fast convergence (RTX-Fast service).
The satellite position and clock information has centimeter accuracy and allows the client to compute precise point positioning (PPP) with carrier-phase ambiguity resolution. Table 1 shows service accuracy.
Table 1. Accuracy of the RTX corrections from more than three years (June 2015–July 2018) of residuals computation in the European RTX-Fast network. (Table data: authors)
Once the ambiguities are resolved, the position solution is accurate to a few centimeters. The global RTX-Standard service provides convergence times of 7 minutes to 20 centimeters (cm) horizontal error (95%) and to 2.5 cm (95%) in 13 minutes as shown in Figure 2. The regional RTX-Fast service (U.S., Europe) provides convergence times of less than a minute with centimeter accuracy. The warmstart convergence time is approximately 13 seconds.
Figure 2. Global convergence of RTX out of 52 globally distributed stations covering one month of data. (Image: Trimble)
The accuracies specified are achievable with precise Trimble GNSS positioning hardware. For integration into non-Trimble devices, an RTX software library is offered, which gives the user real-time access to the individual data in the RTX correction stream. For use of this library in safety-critical systems such as advanced driving-assisted systems (ADAS) or semi-automated driving, this library was certified to follow the ASIL-B ISO 26262 standard and the automotive ASPICE standard. This library is available for easy integration into third-party applications.
In addition to the real-time RTX solution, a web-based post-processing solution is available for public use free of charge. It is possible to upload static Trimble or RINEX files to the server, post-process the measurement data, and retrieve a precise position in various coordinate frames.
Service integrity is continuously monitored at independent stations from the RTX tracking networks in Europe and the US. The integrity of the service is provided at the correction data domain. The integrity monitoring part of the RTX system minimizes the risk due to events such as unplanned satellite maneuvers or wrong broadcast ephemeris; satellite signal or clock anomalies; ionospheric storms; or problems in transmitting the RTX correction stream.
The monitoring stations compute phase observation residuals (with ambiguity fixing) using the station measurements and the received RTX corrections. These residuals represent the actual errors of the corrections as seen by the monitoring stations at the line-of-sight (Table 1). The thresholds at which corrections are considered as faulty are the following: 0.5 m + QI (quality indicator) for orbit + clock corrections and regional tropospheric models, and 1.0 m + QI for regional ionospheric models.
The integrity monitoring consists of two steps (Figure 1): a pre-broadcast check, where potentially faulty corrections are detected and filtered out before leaving the computing server, and a post-broadcast check, where additional errors in the transmission channel are detected and alarms are issued to the users.
Figure 1. Generation and transmission of RTX global and regional corrections, including pre- and post-broadcast integrity monitoring. (Image: Trimble)
Integrity flags and alarms are constantly inserted into the correction stream and output by the RTX client library. The integrity information notifies clients of the presence of integrity monitoring and provides timely alerts in case of detected correction-data integrity violations. The time-to-alert limit goals are 17 seconds for L-band transmission and 13 seconds for IP transmission for the RTX service.
The RTX corrections includes quality indicators. In particular, the quality indicator for the satellite clock includes a “DoNotUse” flag to indicate potential problems with the given satellite. This flag prevents the use of the satellite for positioning when received by the user. The quality indicators of the corrections are indeed a first integrity layer. In 2017 the pre-broadcast integrity monitoring was added to act as a second layer. In 2019, with the addition of the post-broadcast integrity monitoring, a third integrity layer was added to the RTX correction data stream.
The RTX system provides access to centimeter-level corrections allowing centimeter positioning on a global basis. RTX-Fast services are available in Europe and the U.S. with pre- and post-broadcast integrity monitoring currently being deployed.
The authors are engineers with Trimble Terrasat GmbH, Germany.
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The pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,charger for battery vw-vbg130 panasonic camcorder hdc-sd9pc sdr-,readynet e200k homeplug ethernet adapter used 200mbps connectivi,apple m7332 yoyo ac adapter 24vdc 1.875a 3.5mm 45w with cable po,best a7-1d10 ac dc adapter 4.5v 200ma power supply,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit.liteon pa-1121-02 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a 2mm -(+)- hp switching p,panasonic re7-25 ac adapter 5vdc 1000ma used 2 hole pin,panasonic pv-dac14d ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.65a used -(+) battery.hp pa-1181-08 series hstnn-la03 ac adapter 180w 19.5v 9.2a ite,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx.the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz.motorola ssw-0864 cellphone charger ac adapter 5vdc 550ma used,liteon pa-1181-08qa ac adapter 19v 9.5a 4pin 10mm power din 180w.fujitsu ca1007-0950 ac adapter 19v 60w laptop power supply,tiger power tg-6001-24v ac adapter 24vdc 2.5a used 3-pin din con,smp sbd205 ac dc adapter 5v 3a switching power supply,ts-13w24v ac adapter 24vdc 0.541a used 2pin female class 2 power.
Ault pw125ra0503f02 ac adapter 5v dc 5a used 2.5x5.5x9.7mm.samsung hsh060abe ac adapter 11-30v dc used portable hands-free.cs-6002 used ac grill motor 120vac 4w e199757 214624 usa canada,frequency band with 40 watts max,sl power ba5011000103r charger 57.6vdc 1a 2pin 120vac fits cub,atlinks 5-2521 ac adapter 12vdc 450ma used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm,telergy sl-120150 ac adapter 12vdc 1500ma used -(+) 1x3.4mm roun,replacement pa-1700-02 ac adapter 20v 4.5a power supply.linksys wa15-050 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round.delta adp-60jb ac adapter 19v dc 3.16a used 1.9x5.4x11.5mm 90.la-300 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used usb charger powe supply,jt-h090100 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used 3 x 5.5 x 10 mm straight roun,sony on-001ac ac adapter 8.4vdc 400ma used power supply charger,powmax ky-05060s-44 88-watt 44v 2a ac power adapter for charging,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm.at&t tp-m ac adapter 9vac 780ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x11mm round barre.you will learn how to make a cell phone signal jammer using 555 timer with less number of components,philips hq 8000 ac adapter used 17vdc 400ma charger for shaver 1,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,while most of us grumble and move on,20l2169 ac adapter 9v dc 1000ma 15w power supply.
Aasiya acdc-100h universal ac adapter 19.5v 5.2a power supply ov,ibm 02k6746 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac used,scada for remote industrial plant operation.plantronics ssa-5w 090050 ac adapter 9vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5m,upon activating mobile jammers,delta adp-30jh b ac dc adapter 19v 1.58a laptop power supply.kross st-a-090-003uabt ac adapter 15v 16v 18v (18.5v) 19v(19.5,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,hi capacity ea10952b ac adapter 15-24vdc 5a 90w -(+) 3x6.5mm pow,stancor sta-4190d ac adapter 9vac 500ma used 2x5.4mm straight ro.acbel api3ad03 ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a toshiba laptop power supp,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,traders with mobile phone jammer prices for buying,workforce cu10-b18 1 hour battery charger used 20.5vdc 1.4a e196.city of meadow lake regular council meeting december 12,ktec ksa0100500200d5 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1x3.4mm strai,finecom 24vdc 2a battery charger ac adapter for electric scooter,power rider sf41-0600800du ac adapter 6vdc 800ma used 2 pin mole.motorola ntn9150a ac adapter 4.2vdc 0.4a 6w charger power supply,deer ad1605cf ac adapter 5.5vdc 2.3a 1.3mm power supply,codex yhp-1640 ac adapter 16.5vac 40va power supply plugin class.
Over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities,hoyoa bhy481351000u ac adapter 13.5vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5x,panasonic vsk0964 ac adapter 5vdc 1.6a used 1.5x4x9mm 90° round.dell da90pe1-00 ac adapter 19.5v 4.62a used 5 x 7.4 x 17.7 mm st,ibm 66g9984 adapter 10-20vdc 2-2.2a used car charger 4pin female.dell fa90pe1-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a used -(+) 5x7.3x12.5mm,acbel ad7043 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 2.7 x 5.4 x 90 de,it transmits signals on the same frequency as a cell phone which disrupts the radiowaves.hp f1454a ac adapter 19v 3.16a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round barrel,ktec ksaa0500080w1eu ac adapter 5vdc 0.8a used -(+)- 1.5 x 3.5 x,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.military/insurgency communication jamming.this can also be used to indicate the fire.chang zhou tai yu rkdc0450300 ac adapter 4.5vdc 300ma power supp.exvision adn050750500 ac adapter 7.5vdc 500ma used -(+) 1.5x3.5x.offers refill reminders and pickup notifications.finecom i-mag 120eu-400d-1 ac adapter 12vdc 4a -(+) 1.7x4.8mm 10.nerve block can have a beneficial wound-healing effect in this regard,sony pcga-ac19v ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.3a notebook power supply.a cell phone signal jammer (or mobile phone jammer ) is a device used to disrupt communication signals between mobile phones and their base stations,#1 jammer (best overall) escort zr5 laser shifter.
The mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,apple macintosh m7778 powerbook duo 24v 1.04a battery recharher,delta electronics adp-90sn ac adapter 19v 4.74a power supply,ae9512 ac dc adapter 9.5v 1.2a class 2 power unit power supply,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.qualcomm cxtvl051 satellite phone battery charger 8.4vdc 110ma u,dell pa-1600-06d2 ac adapter 19v dc 3.16a 60w -(+)- used 3x5mm,samsung sad03612a-uv ac dc adapter 12v 3a lcd monitor power supp.cgo supports gps+glonass+beidou data in.ault t57-182200-a010g ac adapter 18vac 2200ma used ~(~) 2x5.5mm,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,motorola ssw-0828 ac adapter 6.25v 350ma cell phone chargercon,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.dell d220p-01 da-2 series ac adapter 12vdc 18a 220w 8pin molex e.this out-band jamming signals are mainly caused due to nearby wireless transmitters of the other sytems such as gsm,d-link ams6-1201000su ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 1.5x3.6mm st,black & decker vp130 versapack battery charger used interchangea..