All photos courtesy of the author.
Where Is It?
By Paul Alves, Carmen Wong, Matthew Clampitt, Eric Davis and Eunju Kwak
INNOVATION INSIGHTS with Richard Langley
WE LIVE IN A POLLUTED WORLD. Sometimes even pristine environments are desecrated.
No, I’m not talking here about the rubbish on Mount Everest, nor the leaching of heavy metals from tailing ponds, nor the plastic trash in the oceans, nor the sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.
I’m talking about radio-frequency pollution. Just as we would like to have our physical environment free of pollution for our better health and that of the ecosystem, we would like the radio spectrum to be free of pollution so that its users — virtually everyone on the planet — can have a better RF experience, whether it be when listening to the radio, using a cell phone or operating a GNSS receiver. We usually call RF pollution interference, or RFI for short, as it interferes with the signal we are trying to receive.
RFI can be accidental or deliberate, in which case we call it jamming. As a shortwave radio enthusiast, I am familiar with both types of RFI. Although the majority of the world’s radio stations attempt to coordinate their broadcasts to ensure that two stations don’t try to beam their signals to a particular area on the same or an adjacent frequency at the same time, it does happen, ruining reception. And if a country doesn’t want its citizens listening to certain foreign radio broadcasts, it might attempt to jam them as the Soviet Union did in the past and as China, North Korea, Cuba and several other countries still do.
In this month’s column, we look at GNSS interference. In many cases, GNSS interference is accidental, with a nearby radio device putting out a signal at a fundamental frequency or a harmonic, which lies within the passband of one of the GNSS frequencies.
It could be intentional, too, and we’ve all heard about GPS jammers including the so-called personal privacy devices that deliberately interfere with GPS signal reception. Is there any way to detect GNSS interference and to find its source so that remedial action can be taken? Yes and yes. A team of authors from NovAtel tell us how.
Interference is a growing concern among GNSS users, particularly in parts of the world where radio frequency transmission is not strictly regulated. Intentional interference and jamming is cheap and relatively easy to obtain in the form of personal privacy devices (PPDs). These devices can sometimes cause unintended interference and jamming to important infrastructure such as an airport. In this article, we describe a method for creating an interference map using the NovAtel OEM7 Interference Tool Kit (ITK). The ITK is capable of detecting and eliminating interference, and can be used to measure the power of a received interferer. When data is collected for an area around a static and continuously operating interference source, it can be used to map out the interference over the affected area. We overview a method for mapping the interference and, using a model of power loss over distance, creating a map of the interferer’s likely position. We also discuss simulated results and three case studies with live (real-data) interference sources from India, Canada and Japan.
NovAtel introduced the ITK in 2016. The ITK’s interference detection provides a list of sources, which includes an estimate of the frequency, bandwidth and power of the measured interference. It also provides the power levels across the entire frequency band of the front end. Either of these can be used as measurements of the received interference power levels. When the power levels for a given frequency are combined from multiple locations, they can be used to estimate the power and location of the interference source. The received power levels can also be combined to estimate the interference power as a function of location. The performance degradation experienced by one receiver at a given interference level can be extrapolated to other receivers at the estimated interference levels.
INTERFERENCE DETECTION
The ITK tools include the ability to visualize the power received across the input frequencies (front-end) bands. This can be used to quickly and easily identify any irregularities in the spectrum. These irregularities could be caused by internal interference, which is interference between electrical components introduced through hardware integration or installation. It can also be caused by external interference, such as by a PPD or other nearby radio transmitter.
The ITK’s detection feature identifies potential interference and provides a list of the interference power, frequency and bandwidth. This makes it easier for integrators to automate responses to potential interference without the need to scan the spectrum themselves. FIGURE 1 shows the received signal power and interference detection threshold for the GPS L1 frequency band. In this case there is no interference detected.
FIGURE 1. Received signal power (blue) and interference detection threshold (red) for L1.
The detection threshold is adjustable. However, if it is set too high, it can cause interference to be undetected; if it is set too low, it can cause false detection. For this example, a fairly low value was chosen because we were willing to manually identify the interference source and ignore any false detection.
The ITK also includes tools to mitigate interference, limiting or eliminating its impact. This includes a high dynamic range mode, which is effective in reducing the impact of interference. If this is not sufficient, then notch or low-pass filters also can be applied to completely cut out parts of the spectrum to neutralize the impact of interference or jamming.
FREE-SPACE LOSS
The mapping algorithm, which will be discussed later, requires a model of the power loss as a function of distance (d) to the transmitter. As the wave spreads from the transmission source, the power is lost according to:
(1)
where Lp (dB) is the power loss in dB, d is the distance in meters, and λ is the wavelength in meters. This equation can be expanded into a function of frequency (f, in Hz) and distance (d, in millimeters). Changing the units in this equation changes the constants.
(2)
For example, if the transmitter is broadcasting at 1.237 GHz, then Equation (2) gives
(3)
This ideal power loss is significantly increased by physical obstructions that are common, such as vehicles, buildings, trees or the terrain type. Different materials can have significantly different impacts on the power loss.
Some researchers have used a precomputed power map and map matching for indoor positioning. This method uses the expected received power to position a receiver. The same algorithm that is used to position the receiver could also be used to position the transmitter.
FIGURE 2 shows the received power as a function of distance that was observed for the Calgary test. There is a large variability in the power, likely due to natural obstructions.
FIGURE 2. Received power as a function of distance from the transmitter.
The equation for the line of best fit of this data is significantly different from Equation (3). This is likely due to the obstructions and limited number of data points. Due to problems with inaccuracies with this data fit, any further power calculations will use Equation (2).
MAPPING THE INTERFERENCE IMPACT
Using a single observation of the received interference power, a profile of the transmit power as a function of location can be created using a power decay curve similar to that shown in Figure 2. If we assume that the transmitter is at a given position and use the decay curve through the observed power, then we can estimate the transmit power at that location. When we do this for multiple locations, a power profile is created. This process is shown in FIGURE 3. When these plotted estimates are connected continuously, then we get a power profile.
FIGURE 3. Received power as a function of distance from the transmitter.
This power profile could pertain to a lower power transmitter that is relatively close to the receiving antenna or could be a stronger transmitter that is farther away. A single transmitter at any location could be responsible for the received power depending on the power of the transmitter.
When additional measurement points are added at different locations, the estimated powers of the transmitter for each individual observation can be combined. The estimated transmit power at some of the potential transmitter locations will match between the observations. For potential interferer locations that are far from the true transmitter location, the observations will conflict with each other.
Creating this type of power profile can be useful for pre-analysis. If we assume that none of the measurement locations can observe the interference, then the received interference must be equal to or less than the noise floor. If we assume that the received interference is at the noise floor, then we can use this profile map to identify the power of any hidden, undetectable transmitters in a region. An interferer may be broadcasting under the noise floor, undetectable at that power and distance. For example, if we want to monitor an area for interference around critical infrastructure, such as an airport, then we can deploy a network of ITK receivers. If no interference is detected, it is still possible for interference to be present if the power level of the transmitter is low enough that it does not reach any of the receivers above the noise floor. This analysis can be used to estimate the minimum detectable interference across the area, and used to determine the receiver network spacing and locations to ensure the minimum detectable interference is immediately detected.
FIGURE 4 shows an example of measurement points from the India case study. It shows the estimated power of a potentially undetectable interference source if no interference is detected anywhere at the measurement points. Lighter colors indicate a higher undetectable interference power. Notice how it is possible to miss a weak interferer that is close or a high-powered interference source that is farther away. This also illustrates how much information we can gather from zero-observation points where interference could not be detected.
FIGURE 4. Locations and power of possibly hidden interference sources that would be undetectable by observation points, shown as blue dots (Map data: Google, DigitalGlobe).
This method could be used to determine the path or spacing of receivers to monitor a region to detect interference at a certain level. With some history added into the model so that the uncertainty increased over time, a single receiver or a fleet of receivers could plan out their routes to monitor for interference.
The estimated interference source power can be used to determine the impact of the interference and give an estimate of the location of the interferer. A single static interferer will be assumed when estimating the location of the interferer using a goodness-of-fit model. A grid is created over the interference area. For each point in the grid, the attenuation (power loss) model is used to calculate the residual between the minimum transmit power and all power measurement points. If the residuals are low for all the observed power locations, then this is the most likely location of the interference transmitter.
FIGURE 5. Example of the goodness of fit for potential transmitter location and power.
FIGURE 5 shows an example of this goodness-of-fit test. The red dot shows the location of a potential transmitter location under test. Using the distance attenuation model, the predicted received power for each of the measurement points is calculated. The difference between the expected received power and the actual received power is an indication that this is not the correct transmitter location. The root-mean-square error of the fit error for all the observed points gives a likelihood that the transmitter is at this location.
SIMULATED RESULTS
Using the goodness-of-fit method, we can generate reasonable visualizations of the interference effect. FIGURE 6 shows an example map produced from simulated interference to the east.
FIGURE 6. Interference map from a simulation where the interference is on the east side (Map data: Google).
The expected power attenuation model matches perfectly with the data because it is a simulation. Similar results were obtained when the interference was assumed to come from the west and north. The yellow line shows a “roller-coaster” plot of the interference power. The height of the line shows the relative received power. Notice that it increases as we approach the source of the interference and decreases as the path moves away from the interference. A combination of the roller-coaster plot and the map give a quick visualization of the impact and location of the interference. There is a slight ambiguity between the east and west side of the road because the transmitter is close to the road. The goodness of fit works very well in this case to identify the location of the interference source.
FIGURE 7 shows a case where two interference sources are simulated. In this case, the model breaks down because it assumes that there is only a single interference source. The model clearly has difficulties determining the location of the interference. Even with accuracy issues, the model could still be used as a visualization of the interference that is easier to interpret than looking at numbers in a table.
FIGURE 7. Interference map from a simulation with 2 interference sources (Map data: Google).
INDIA DATASET
This dataset was the initial motivation for this work. A customer reported intermittent tracking problems with a newly installed receiver. The receiver would stop tracking for a few hours every evening. Customer service visited the site to investigate. Because of the intermittent nature of the problem, interference was suspected. An OEM729 receiver was walked around the affected antenna in an attempt to find the source of the interference and also to prove to the customer that interference was in fact the cause of the tracking problems.
FIGURE 8 shows the collected measurements. The numbers shown are the received interference powers at each location. It is possible to approximate the location of the interference and the impacted area by looking closely at the measurements, but it takes some close examination and interpretation.
FIGURE 8. Received interference power measured when searching for interference in India.
The source of the interference was identified using this approach. It was found to be a weather station, which performs a nightly upload of data collected throughout the day. This weather station broadcasts at 1580 MHz, which was jamming L1. The customer was able to move the interfering antenna to another site. The customer also could have used the ITK to apply a notch filter, which would have mitigated the interference’s impact, but it is better to remove the source of interference if possible.
Using the data points collected, an interference map can be generated using the method described. This map is shown in FIGURE 9. The lighter color indicates a higher likelihood that the interference transmitter is at that location. The location of the transmitter is also shown in the figure. The likelihood map is very close to the actual location of the transmitter. It gives a quick and easy-to-interpret visualization as opposed to individual measurement points.
FIGURE 9. Interference map for the India case study (Map data: Google, DigitalGlobe).
CALGARY DATASET
We were made aware of a potential unintentional L2 interference device and took it to Cross Iron Mills mall, north of Calgary, Canada, to investigate. FIGURE 10 shows a map of the area.
FIGURE 10. Map of the test area showing the location of the interference source.
We drove the path shown in blue to characterize the interference, and collected data using an OEM729 receiver with the ITK feature. Two buildings are near the interference source: a smaller building to the north and a large building to the south. These buildings block and shield the receiver from the interference when it is between the interference and the receiver.
The interference device was a transmitter to send video from a drone to a monitor, broadcasting at 1.2 GHz with 800 milliwatts. It was purchased online with no warnings about potential impacts it may have on other systems or devices. As recreational drones (and their electronics) become more popular, unintentional jammers and interference sources could become commonplace. We have no continuous monitoring and enforcement for short-range and short-duration unintentional jammers such as this one.
Although many commercial-grade receivers, such as ones common in cell phone and GPS watches, were unaffected because they only operate at L1, the box the device came in also indicates that there is a 1.5-GHz model capable of broadcasting at 2 watts. With 2 watts at 1.5 GHz, GPS L1 would be significantly jammed. This emphasizes the need for interference detection and mitigation. Nothing is stopping recreational hobbyists from accidentally jamming a significant number of users and services.
FIGURE 11 shows the roller-coaster plot of the interference observed during the test. The height of the yellow bars indicates the received power for the L2 interference. The power is generally higher closer to the interference source and decreases as a function of distance; however, there is a lot of deviation. Physical obstructions also cause significant decreases in received power.
FIGURE 11. Observed power of the interference source (yellow) over the test course (Map data: Google, Landsat / Copernicus, DigitalGlobe).
For example, on the north end of the small building, shown on the right side of the figure, the observed interference power drops to almost zero despite being relatively close to the interference source. The large variations in power throughout the southern loop may be due to partial obstructions from parked cars or outcrops of the building. These physical obstructions cause larger decreases in received power than simply moving the antennas away from each other.
Since the interference was only broadcasting on L2, a position is still available through the other GNSS frequencies. The GPS receiver had difficulty tracking GPS L2 signals because of the interference.
FIGURE 12 shows the number of GPS L2 signals tracked. As the receiver approached the interference source, it became more and more difficult to track the L2 signals. As the receiver moved away from the interference, or behind a physical obstruction (like a building), the impact of the interference decreased and the signals were reacquired.
FIGURE 12. Number of L2 satellites tracked (red) over part of the test course (Map data: Google, Landsat / Copernicus, DigitalGlobe).
This shows how a simple device can inadvertently be harmful. Anyone could have purchased this device to transmit video from their recreational drone. Since this device only broadcasts on L2, the GPS of the drone and many nearby devices would have been unaffected, while almost completely jamming and disrupting any dual-frequency receivers nearby.
FIGURE 13 shows the interference goodness-of-fit map from the real data test. The map shows the correct trend, but the peak of the map does not include the actual location of the interference transmitter. This is due to inaccuracies in the power attenuation model. For example, a significant shift to the south is due to the rapid decrease in power when moving behind the north building.
FIGURE 13. Interference map from the real-data test.
When only the southern dataset is considered, we get a more accurate map, one not impacted by the northern building. This is because the attenuation model does not account for obstructions. The performance of this kind of model could be significantly improved with a model that includes the topography and buildings.
Despite the inaccuracy of the map to precisely locate the interference source, these simple model maps give a nice visualization of the interference.
TOKYO REAL DATA RESULTS
We received a report of interference in Tokyo, Japan, and took a receiver there to investigate. FIGURE 14 shows the maximum received power throughout the dataset. The interference around 1570.69 MHz is obvious and easily to identify in the figure.
FIGURE 14. Spectrum power level for the Tokyo dataset.
FIGURE 15 shows the observed power of the interference source when walking around the building. There is a peak in the received power when moving to one side of the building, while the observed power is relatively constant over the other three sides of the building. This strongly suggests that the interference source is along the one side of the building.
FIGURE 15. Observed power of the interference source (yellow) for the Tokyo dataset (Map data: Google, Zenrin).
This figure also shows the estimated goodness-of-fit interference map produced using the algorithm described earlier. The source of the interference could not be conclusively determined; however, we believe that the source was emanating from one of the vehicles in the parking lot.
This real example illustrates how useful this visualization of the observed power is in understanding the nature of the interference, identifying the source and localizing its effect. The interference in this case did not cause a noticeable change in the number of satellites or signals tracked.
CONCLUSIONS
This article showed a creative and useful application of NovAtel’s Interference Tool Kit available as a feature on the OEM7 line of receivers. The ITK can be used to create maps that show the estimated location of an interferer as well as the impact of the interference on other users. We demonstrated this using simulated datasets where the agreement between the simulated and actual loss-of-power models made for overly optimistic results. Three case studies are also shown: The original motivation for this work was a customer-service case in India. The second is a case in Calgary where unintentional interference was being caused by a drone video transmitter. The third dataset from Tokyo was a similar example, where, unfortunately, the true interference source could not be conclusively identified.
The three interference case studies show the importance of interference detection and mitigation because intentional and unintentional interference sources are easy to obtain and are not easily monitored or restricted. In one of these cases, a device that was naively purchased online as a UAV video transmitter ended up jamming GPS L2 in an area of roughly 2,000 square meters. With interference mitigation, it is possible to continue to work and operate in these environments without interruption or significant impact.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Bryan Leedham and Saravanan Karuppasamy for sharing their customer stories with us and providing us with the data for the case studies. This article is based on the paper “Interference Likelihood Mapping with Case Studies” presented at ION ITM 2018, the 2018 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Reston, Virginia, Jan. 29–Feb. 1, 2018.
Paul Alves received a Ph.D. from the Department of Geomatics Engineering at the University of Calgary in 2006. He is a principal research engineer in the Applied Research Team at NovAtel Inc. in Calgary, Canada.
Carmen Wong is a geomatics engineer at NovAtel. She received her B.Sc. in geomatics engineering with biomedical specialization from the University of Calgary in 2008.
Matthew Clampitt graduated in 2014 with a B.Sc. in geomatics engineering from the University of Calgary and is now a developer in the Positioning Algorithms Group at NovAtel.
Eric Davis has an undergraduate degree from the University of Calgary, with majors in both astrophysics and physics. He also earned an M.Sc. in physics at the University of Calgary. He joined NovAtel in 2016.
Eunju Kwak received her Ph.D. from the Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, in 2013. She is a geomatics engineer at NovAtel.
FURTHER READING
• Authors’ Conference Paper
“Interference Likelihood Mapping with Case Studies” by P. Alves, C. Wong, M. Clampitt, E. Davis and E. Kwak in Proceedings of ION ITM 2018, the 2018 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Reston, Virginia, Jan. 29–Feb. 1, 2018, pp. 467–482.
• GNSS Interference and Jamming Detection
“Interference” by T. Humphreys, Chapter 16 in Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, edited by P.J.G. Teunissen and O. Montenbruck, published by Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland, 2017.
“Demonstrated Interference Detection and Mitigation with a Multi-frequency High Precision Receiver” by F. Gao and S. Kennedy in Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2016, the 29th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, Sept. 12–16, 2016, pp. 159–170.
“Signal Acquisition and Tracking of Chirp-Style GPS Jammers” by R.H. Mitch, M.L. Psiaki, S.P. Powell, and B.W. O’Hanlon in Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2013, the 26th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, Sept. 16–20, 2013, pp. 2893–2909.
“Know Your Enemy: Signal Characteristics of Civil GPS Jammers” by R.H. Mitch, R.C. Dougherty, M.L. Psiaki, S.P. Powell, B.W. O’Hanlon, J.A. Bhatti and T.E. Humphreys in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 1, January 2012, pp. 64–72.
Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques, 2nd ed., by R.A. Poisel, published by Artech House, Boston, Massachusetts, 2011.
“Jamming GPS: Susceptibility of Some Civil GPS Receivers” by B. Forssell and R.B. Olsen in GPS World, Vol. 14, No. 1, January 2003, pp. 54–58.
“A Growing Concern: Radiofrequency Interference and GPS” by F. Butsch in GPS World, Vol. 13, No. 10, October 2002, pp. 40–50.
• Radio Frequency Propagation
Radio Frequency Propagation Made Easy by S. Faruque, SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, published by Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland, 2015.
Propagation Losses Through Common Building Materials: 2.4 GHz vs 5 GHz, Reflection and Transmission Losses Through Common Building Materials by J. Crawford, Technical Report E10589, Magis Networks, Inc., August 2002.
• Localization Based on Signal Power
“Indoor Localization Based on Floor Plans and Power Maps: Non-Line of Sight to Virtual Line of Sight” by J.J. Khalifeh, Z.M. Kassas and S.S. Saab in Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2015, the 28th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Tampa, Florida, Sept. 14–18, 2015, pp. 2291–2300.
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Yhi yc-1015xxx ac adapter 15vdc 1a - ---c--- + used 2.2 x 5.5 x.northern telecom ault nps 50220-07 l15 ac adapter 48vdc 1.25a me,binary fsk signal (digital signal).ap 2700 ac dc adapter 5.2v 320ma power supply.hp compaq ppp009l ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a used -(+) with pin ins.toshiba ac adapter 15vdc 4a original power supply for satellite,zhongshan p1203e ac adapter 12vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round b.sanyo var-33 ac adapter 7.5v dc 1.6a 10v 1.4a used european powe.olympus ps-bcm2 bcm-2 li-on battery charger used 8.35vdc 400ma 1,cidco n4116-1230-dc ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm s,samsung atadv10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a charger cellphone power.sony bc-7f ni-cd battery charger,depending on the already available security systems,li shin lse0107a1230 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm m,prime minister stephen harper’s conservative federal government introduced a bill oct,delta adp-15nh a power supply 30vdc 0.5a 21g0325 for lexmark 442,xtend powerxtender airplane & auto adapter ac adapter.ican st-n-070-008u008aat universal ac adapter 20/24vdc 70w used.rohs xagyl pa1024-3hu ac adapter 18vac 1a 18w used -(+) 2x5.5mm,a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,novus dc-401 ac adapter 4.5vdc 100ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.5mm,lintratek mobile phone jammer 4 g,grab high-effective mobile jammers online at the best prices on spy shop online,disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication,phonemate m/n-40 ac adapter 9vac 450ma used ~(~) 2.5x5.5mm 90.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.teamgreat t94b027u ac adapter 3.3vdc 3a -(+) 2.5x5.4mm 90 degree,you will learn how to make a cell phone signal jammer using 555 timer with less number of components.usb adapter with mini-usb cable,hp c8890-61605 ac adapter 6vdc 2a power supply photosmart 210.samsung tad437 jse ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a used.travel charger powe.delta eadp-45bb b ac adapter 56vdc 0.8a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x10.4mm,1km at rs 35000/set in new delhi.canon ad-50 ac adapter -(+)- +24vdc 1.8a used 2x5.5mm straight r.several possibilities are available.tyco 2990 car battery charger ac adapter 6.75vdc 160ma used,energizer fps005usc-050050 white ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a used 2x4,65w-dlj104 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34a dell laptop power supply.macintosh m3037 ac adapter 24vdc 1.87a 45w powerbook mac laptop,philips 4203 035 78410 ac adapter 1.6vdc 100ma used -(+) 0.7x2.3,cincon tr100a240 ac adapter 24vdc 4.17a 90degree round barrel 2.,spectra-physics ault sw 306 ac adapter 5v 1a 12v scanning system,nec op-520-4401 ac adapter 11.5v dc 1.7a 13.5v 1.5a 4pin female.neonpro sps-60-12-c 60w 12vdc 5a 60ew ul led power supply hyrite,moso xkd-c2000ic5.0-12w ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 0.7x2.5x9mm,digipower ip-pcmini car adapter charger for iphone and ipod.cincon trg70a240 ac adapter 24vdc 3a used 2.5x5.5mm -(+)- round.dawnsun efu12lr300s 120v 60hz used ceiling fan remot controler c.cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.this cell phone jammer is not applicable for use in europe,acbel wa9008 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a -(+)- 1.1x3.5mm used 7.5w roun.
Ault pw15aea0600b05 ac adapter 5.9vdc 2000ma used -(+) 1.3x3.5mm,ibm 85g6708 ac dc adapter 16v 2.2a power supplycondition: used.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,leitch spu130-106 ac adapter 15vdc 8.6a 6pin 130w switching pow.the world’s largest social music platform.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,this exception includes all laser jammers,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,sanyo var-s12 u ac adapter 10v 1.3a camcorder battery charger,whether voice or data communication.compaq ppp003s ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a -(+) 1.5x4.75cm 100-240va,aps ad-555-1240 ac adapter 24vdc 2.3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm power,black & decker vpx0310 class 2 battery charger used 7.4vdc cut w,plantronics ssa-5w-05 0us 050018f ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used usb,aastra corporation aec-3590a ac adapter 9vdc 300ma +(-) used 120.a mobile device to help immobilize.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,delta electronics adp-35eb ac adapter 19vdc 1.84a power supply,switching power supply fy1201000 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2,bs-032b ac/dc adapter 5v 200ma used 1 x 4 x 12.6 mm straight rou,toshiba pa2430u ac adapter 18v dc 1.1a laptop's power supplyco,variable power supply circuits.a cell phone jammer - top of the range.consumerware d9100 ac adapter9vdc 100ma -(+) used 2 x 5.4 x 11,compaq pp2012 ac adapter 15vdc 4.5a 36w power supply for series.canon k30287 ac adapter 16vdc 2a used 1 x 4.5 x 6 x 9.6 mm,apple powerbook m1893 ac adapter 16vdc 1.5a 16v 1a used 4 pin di.0450500df ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 power supply,350-086 ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac straight,frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.philips 4203 030 77990 ac adapter 1.6v dc 80ma charger.eng 3a-302da18 ac adapter 20vdc 1.5a new 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 100-240v.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.battery charger for hitachi dvd cam dz-bx35a dz-acs3 ac new one.netgear sal018f1na ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,biogenik s12a02-050a200-06 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x9m.hoover series 300 ac adapter 5.9vac 120ma used 2x5.5mm round bar,s15af125120 ac adapter 12.5vdc 1200ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm rou.a centrally located hub with a cable routed to the exterior-mounted antenna with a power supply feed,umec up0301a-05p ac adapter 5vdc 6a 30w desktop power supply,dell pa-1470-1 ac adapter 18v 2.6a power supply notebook latitud,sino-american sa120a-0530v-c ac adapter 5v 2.4a new class 2 powe,12v 2a dc car charger dc to dc auto adapter,ktec ksaa0500120w1us ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a new -(+)- 1.5x4mm swit,a mobile phone signal jammer is a device that blocks reception between cell towers and mobile phones.at&t tp-m ac adapter 9vac 780ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x11mm round barre.targus 800-0083-001 ac adapter 15-24vdc 90w used laptop power su,globtek gt-4076-0609 ac adapter 9vdc 0.66a -(+)- used 2.6 x 5.5.remember that there are three main important circuits.
Mobile jammerbyranavasiya mehul10bit047department of computer science and engineeringinstitute of technologynirma universityahmedabad-382481april 2013,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area..
s-gps jammer 12v ac
This causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.bose psa05r-150 bo ac adapter 15vdc 0.33a used -(+)- 2x5.5mm str,kensington 33196 notebook ac dc power adapter lightweight slim l.ryobi p113 ac adapter 18vdc used lithium ion battery charger p10,audiovox cnr-9100 ac adapter 5vdc 750ma power supply,fairway ve20-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.66a used 1.7x4mm straight ro.dell ea10953-56 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a 90w desktop power supply.oem ads0202-u150150 ac adapter 15vdc 1.5a used -(+) 1.7x4.8mm,i’ve had the circuit below in my collection of electronics schematics for quite some time,ault sw305 ac adapter 12vdc 0.8a -12v 0.4a +5v 2a 17w used power,compaq evp100 ac dc adapter 10v 1.5a 164153-001 164410-001 5.5mm.apiid and lang are error.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.component telephone u090025a12 ac adapter 9vac 250ma ~(~) 1.3x3.,how to disable mobile jammer | spr-1 mobile jammer tours replies,artesyn scl25-7624 ac adapter 24vdc 1a 8pin power supply,propower pc-7280 battery charger 2.2vdc 1.2ahx6 used 115vac 60hz.sony ac-pw20 ac adapter 7.6vdc 2a uninterrupted power supply ada,sony vgp-ac19v15 ac adapter 19.5v 6.2a -(+) 4.5x6.5mm tip used 1.replacement af1805-a ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a power supply 3 pin din.24vac-40va ac adapter 24vac 1670ma shilded wire used power suppl.meikai pdn-48-48a ac adapter 12vdc 4a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240v,acbel polytech api-7595 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a power supply.li shin lse9802a1240 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a 40w round barrel,hipower a0105-225 ac adapter 16vdc 3.8a used -(+)- 1 x 4.5 x 6 x,averatec sadp-65kb b ac adapter19vdc 3.42a used 2.5x5.4x11.2mm,motorola fmp5334a ac adapter 5v 560ma used micro usb.compaq series 2862a ac adapter 16.5vdc 2.6a -(+) 2x5.5mm used 10,ar 35-12-100 ac adapter 12vdc 100ma 4w power supply transmiter,ilan elec f1700c ac adapter 19v dc 2.6a used 2.7x5.4x10mm 90.chicony a10-018n3a ac adapter 36vdc 0.5a used 4.3 x 6 x 15.2 mm,dve dsa-0051-03 fus ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a mini usb charger,kodak k4500 ni-mh rapid battery charger2.4vdc 1.2a wall plug-i,canon cb-2lwe ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.55a used battery charger,motomaster ct-1562a battery charger 6/12vdc 1.5a automatic used,yhsafc0502000w1us ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x9mm round b.choose from cell phone only or combination models that include gps,which makes recovery algorithms have a hard time producing exploitable results,igo ps0087 dc auto airpower adapter 15-24vdc used no cable 70w.one is the light intensity of the room,standard briefcase – approx,hp ppp012s-s ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a used 5x7.3x12.6mm straight,asian micro ams am14 ac adapter +5v 1.5a +12v 0.25a power supply.wj-y482100400d ac adapter 21vdc 400ma used toolmaster battery ch.philips hs8000 series coolskin charging stand with adapter,amigo 121000 ac adapter 12vdc 1000ma used -(+) 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.ring core b1205012lt used 12v 50va 4.2a class 2 transformer powe,lambda dt60pw201 ac adapter 5vdc 6a 12v 2a lcd power supply 6pin.phihong psc30u-120 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a extern hdd lcd monitor,briteon jp-65-ce ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a 65w laptops ite power s.And 41-6-500r ac adapter 6vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9.4mm round.extra shipping charges for international buyers partial s&h paym,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.condor aa-1283 ac adapter 12vdc 830ma used -(+)- 2x5.5x8.5mm rou,ct std-1203 ac adapter -(+) 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.4mm straigh,mastercraft maximum 54-3107-2 multi-charger 7.2v-19.2vdc nicd,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.power solve psg40-12-03 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a used 3 pin din po,wifi jammer is very special in this area,power rider sf41-0600800du ac adapter 6vdc 800ma used 2 pin mole,recoton mk-135100 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1a battery charger nicd nim,371415-11 ac adapter 13vdc 260ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac 90° de.transformer 12vac power supply 220vac for logic board of coxo db.eng 3a-163wp12 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a switching mode power suppl,ibm 02k6794 ac adapter -(+) 2.5x5.5mm16vdc 4.5a 100-240vac power,razer ts06x-2u050-0501d ac adapter 5vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x8mm r,liteon pa-1151-08 ac adapter 19v 7.9a used 3.3 x 5.5 x 12.9mm,mobile phone jammer market size 2021 by growth potential,health o meter adpt25 ac adapter 6v dc 300ma power supply,we then need information about the existing infrastructure.sony adp-120mb ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.15a used -(+) 1x4.5x6.3mm.southwestern bell 9a200u-28 ac adapter 9vac 200ma 90° right angl.the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,uniross x-press 150 aab03000-b-1 european battery charger for aa.mintek adpv28a ac adapter 9v 2.2a switching power supply 100-240,to duplicate a key with immobilizer,audiovox cnr405 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used -(+) 1.5x5.5mm round,pihsiang 4c24080 ac adapter 24vdc 8a 192w used 3pin battery char,modul 66881f ac adapter 12vac 1660ma 25w 2p direct plug in power,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,signal jammers are practically used to disable a mobile phone’s wi-fi.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,sharp ea-r1jv ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a -(+) used 2.8x5.4x9.7mm 90,this can also be used to indicate the fire.datageneral 10094 ac adapter 6.4vdc 2a 3a used dual output power,d-link ad-071a5 ac adapter 7.5vdc 1.5a used 90° -(+) 2x5.5mm 120.4120-1230-dc ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used -(+) stereo pin power s,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,finecom pa3507u-1aca ac adapter 15vdc 8a replacement desktop pow,ksas0100500150hu ac adapter5v dc 1.5a new -(+) 1.5x4x8.7 stra,plantronics su50018 ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used 0.5 x 3 x 3.1mm,toshiba pa-1750-07 ac adapter 15vdc 5a desktop power supply nec.iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random.coleman cs-1203500 ac adapter 12vdc 3.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm ro,mini handheld mobile phone and gps signal jammer.delta electronics adp-10ub ac adapter 5v 2a used -(+)- 3.3x5.5mm,this circuit is very efficient to …,90w-hp1013 replacement ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a -(+)- 5x7.5mm 100-,dee ven ent dsa-0301-05 5v 3a 3pin power supply.
Circuit-test std-09006u ac adapter 9vdc 0.6a 5.4w used -(+) 2x5.,datalogic sc102ta0942f02 ac adapter 9vdc 1.67a +(-) 2x5.5mm ault,compaq adp-60bb ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used 2.5x5.5mm -(+)- 100-.the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,a mobile jammer is a device that is used to transmit the signals to the similar frequency,spec lin sw1201500-w01 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a shield wire new.embassies or military establishments,panasonic kx-tca1 ac adapter 9vdc 350ma +(-) 2x5.5mm used cordle.yd-35-090020 ac adapter 7.5vdc 350ma - ---c--- + used 2.1 x 5.5,delta sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 10,with its highest output power of 8 watt.battery technology mc-ps/g3 ac adapter 24vdc 2.3a 5w used female.ac power control using mosfet / igbt.65w-dlj004 replacement ac adapter 19.5v 3.34a laptop power suppl,ha41u-838 ac adapter 12vdc 500ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac used switch.ast ad-4019 eb1 ac adapter 19v 2.1a laptop power supply.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems.a cell phone signal booster (also known as a cell phone repeater) is a system made up of an outside antenna (called a donor antenna),it is created to help people solve different problems coming from cell phones,nerve block can have a beneficial wound-healing effect in this regard.a portable mobile phone jammer fits in your pocket and is handheld.nikon eh-69p ac adapter 5vdc 0.55a used usb i.t.e power supply 1.adjustable power phone jammer (18w) phone jammer next generation a desktop / portable / fixed device to help immobilize disturbance,motorola psm5185a cell phone charger 5vdc 550ma mini usb ac adap,dell ad-4214n ac adapter 14vdc 3a power supply,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,wtd-065180b0-k replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a laptop power,citizen u2702e pd-300 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma -(+) 2x5.5mm used 12.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,ibm 49g2192 ac adapter 20-10v 2.00-3.38a power supply49g2192 4.coming data cp1230 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5mm round b,mw41-1200600 ac adapter 12vdc 600ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round ba,delta sadp-135eb b ac adapter 19vdc 7.1a used 2.5x5.5x11mm power.our grocery app lets you view our weekly specials,matsushita etyhp127mm ac adapter 12vdc 1.65a 4pin switching powe.rd1200500-c55-8mg ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou.you can not mix any other cell phone or gps signals in this wifi.dve dvr-0930-3512 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma -(+) 2x5.5mm 120v ac pow.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,sceptre power amdd-30240-1000 ac adapter 24vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5..wowson wdd-131cbc ac adapter 12vdc 2a 2x5.5mm -(+)- power supply,component telephone u060030d12 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma power suppl.5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,toshibapa-1900-24 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w pa3516a-1ac3 powe,compaq pa-1440-2c ac adapter 18.85v 3.2a 44w laptop power supply,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,mayday tech ppp014s replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 4.9a used,computer rooms or any other government and military office,lenovo 42t4426 ac adapter 20v dc 4.5a 90w used 1x5.3x7.9x11.3mm,directed dsa-36w-12 36 ac adapter +12vdc 3a 2.1mm power supply,ktec ksas0241200200hu ac adapter 12vdc 2a -(+)- 2x5.5mm switchin.
Yhi yc-1015xxx ac adapter 15vdc 1a - ---c--- + used 2.2 x 5.5 x.northern telecom ault nps 50220-07 l15 ac adapter 48vdc 1.25a me,binary fsk signal (digital signal).ap 2700 ac dc adapter 5.2v 320ma power supply.hp compaq ppp009l ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a used -(+) with pin ins.toshiba ac adapter 15vdc 4a original power supply for satellite,zhongshan p1203e ac adapter 12vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round b.sanyo var-33 ac adapter 7.5v dc 1.6a 10v 1.4a used european powe.olympus ps-bcm2 bcm-2 li-on battery charger used 8.35vdc 400ma 1,cidco n4116-1230-dc ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 x 5.5 x 10mm s,samsung atadv10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a charger cellphone power.sony bc-7f ni-cd battery charger,depending on the already available security systems,li shin lse0107a1230 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm m,prime minister stephen harper’s conservative federal government introduced a bill oct,delta adp-15nh a power supply 30vdc 0.5a 21g0325 for lexmark 442,xtend powerxtender airplane & auto adapter ac adapter.ican st-n-070-008u008aat universal ac adapter 20/24vdc 70w used.rohs xagyl pa1024-3hu ac adapter 18vac 1a 18w used -(+) 2x5.5mm,a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,novus dc-401 ac adapter 4.5vdc 100ma used 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.5mm,lintratek mobile phone jammer 4 g,grab high-effective mobile jammers online at the best prices on spy shop online,disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication,phonemate m/n-40 ac adapter 9vac 450ma used ~(~) 2.5x5.5mm 90.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.teamgreat t94b027u ac adapter 3.3vdc 3a -(+) 2.5x5.4mm 90 degree,you will learn how to make a cell phone signal jammer using 555 timer with less number of components.usb adapter with mini-usb cable,hp c8890-61605 ac adapter 6vdc 2a power supply photosmart 210.samsung tad437 jse ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a used.travel charger powe.delta eadp-45bb b ac adapter 56vdc 0.8a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x10.4mm,1km at rs 35000/set in new delhi.canon ad-50 ac adapter -(+)- +24vdc 1.8a used 2x5.5mm straight r.several possibilities are available.tyco 2990 car battery charger ac adapter 6.75vdc 160ma used,energizer fps005usc-050050 white ac adapter 5vdc 0.5a used 2x4,65w-dlj104 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34a dell laptop power supply.macintosh m3037 ac adapter 24vdc 1.87a 45w powerbook mac laptop,philips 4203 035 78410 ac adapter 1.6vdc 100ma used -(+) 0.7x2.3,cincon tr100a240 ac adapter 24vdc 4.17a 90degree round barrel 2.,spectra-physics ault sw 306 ac adapter 5v 1a 12v scanning system,nec op-520-4401 ac adapter 11.5v dc 1.7a 13.5v 1.5a 4pin female.neonpro sps-60-12-c 60w 12vdc 5a 60ew ul led power supply hyrite,moso xkd-c2000ic5.0-12w ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 0.7x2.5x9mm,digipower ip-pcmini car adapter charger for iphone and ipod.cincon trg70a240 ac adapter 24vdc 3a used 2.5x5.5mm -(+)- round.dawnsun efu12lr300s 120v 60hz used ceiling fan remot controler c.cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.this cell phone jammer is not applicable for use in europe,acbel wa9008 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a -(+)- 1.1x3.5mm used 7.5w roun.
Ault pw15aea0600b05 ac adapter 5.9vdc 2000ma used -(+) 1.3x3.5mm,ibm 85g6708 ac dc adapter 16v 2.2a power supplycondition: used.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,leitch spu130-106 ac adapter 15vdc 8.6a 6pin 130w switching pow.the world’s largest social music platform.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,this exception includes all laser jammers,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,sanyo var-s12 u ac adapter 10v 1.3a camcorder battery charger,whether voice or data communication.compaq ppp003s ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a -(+) 1.5x4.75cm 100-240va,aps ad-555-1240 ac adapter 24vdc 2.3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm power,black & decker vpx0310 class 2 battery charger used 7.4vdc cut w,plantronics ssa-5w-05 0us 050018f ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used usb,aastra corporation aec-3590a ac adapter 9vdc 300ma +(-) used 120.a mobile device to help immobilize.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,delta electronics adp-35eb ac adapter 19vdc 1.84a power supply,switching power supply fy1201000 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2,bs-032b ac/dc adapter 5v 200ma used 1 x 4 x 12.6 mm straight rou,toshiba pa2430u ac adapter 18v dc 1.1a laptop's power supplyco,variable power supply circuits.a cell phone jammer - top of the range.consumerware d9100 ac adapter9vdc 100ma -(+) used 2 x 5.4 x 11,compaq pp2012 ac adapter 15vdc 4.5a 36w power supply for series.canon k30287 ac adapter 16vdc 2a used 1 x 4.5 x 6 x 9.6 mm,apple powerbook m1893 ac adapter 16vdc 1.5a 16v 1a used 4 pin di.0450500df ac adapter 4.8vdc 250ma used 2pin class 2 power supply,350-086 ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac straight,frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.philips 4203 030 77990 ac adapter 1.6v dc 80ma charger.eng 3a-302da18 ac adapter 20vdc 1.5a new 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 100-240v.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.battery charger for hitachi dvd cam dz-bx35a dz-acs3 ac new one.netgear sal018f1na ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,biogenik s12a02-050a200-06 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x9m.hoover series 300 ac adapter 5.9vac 120ma used 2x5.5mm round bar,s15af125120 ac adapter 12.5vdc 1200ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm rou.a centrally located hub with a cable routed to the exterior-mounted antenna with a power supply feed,umec up0301a-05p ac adapter 5vdc 6a 30w desktop power supply,dell pa-1470-1 ac adapter 18v 2.6a power supply notebook latitud,sino-american sa120a-0530v-c ac adapter 5v 2.4a new class 2 powe,12v 2a dc car charger dc to dc auto adapter,ktec ksaa0500120w1us ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a new -(+)- 1.5x4mm swit,a mobile phone signal jammer is a device that blocks reception between cell towers and mobile phones.at&t tp-m ac adapter 9vac 780ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x11mm round barre.targus 800-0083-001 ac adapter 15-24vdc 90w used laptop power su,globtek gt-4076-0609 ac adapter 9vdc 0.66a -(+)- used 2.6 x 5.5.remember that there are three main important circuits.
Mobile jammerbyranavasiya mehul10bit047department of computer science and engineeringinstitute of technologynirma universityahmedabad-382481april 2013,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area..